Cover of The First Ladies

The First Ladies

by Marie Benedict


Genre
Historical Fiction
Year
2023
Pages
401
Contents

Chapter 47

Overview

In Birmingham for the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, Eleanor confronts enforced segregation. Threatened by Bull Connor with detention, she places her chair at the aisle’s exact center, avoiding violation while refusing Jim Crow.

The public act signals solidarity with Mary and frames Eleanor’s forthcoming remarks linking Kristallnacht to American human rights.

Summary

Eleanor travels Birmingham’s back roads after touring a new housing project, noting both improvements and compromises. She hurries to day two of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, where rumors say Public Safety Commissioner Bull Connor will enforce segregation. She and Mary have prepared a response, and Eleanor has brought a ruler and pencil as “equipment.”

Arriving late, Eleanor takes her reserved front-row seat beside Mary. As Governor Bibb Graves concludes and Justice Hugo Black begins, a young police officer insists Eleanor move to the white section. Earl steps in, but the officer cites Birmingham’s segregation laws and identifies Eleanor as sitting in the “colored” area.

Bull Connor arrives, orders Eleanor to move, and threatens to detain her for violating the law. Weighing the risk to Franklin’s administration against capitulating to Jim Crow, Eleanor executes the plan: she lifts her chair, measures the aisle’s midpoint with her ruler, marks it, and places her chair precisely at center—neither white nor colored—boxing Connor into inaction while avoiding arrest.

As the audience watches her quiet protest and Justice Black’s speech is eclipsed, Eleanor thinks ahead to her remarks condemning the Nazi pogrom of Kristallnacht and urging Americans to uphold universal human rights. Privately, she arranges for Mary to stay discreetly in her hotel, reinforcing their partnership amid Southern segregation.

Who Appears

  • Eleanor Roosevelt
    First Lady; defies enforced segregation by sitting at the aisle’s midpoint, signaling solidarity and moral leadership.
  • Bull Connor
    Birmingham public safety commissioner who demands segregation compliance and threatens detention; outmaneuvered by Eleanor’s tactic.
  • Mary McLeod Bethune
    Ally who anticipates enforcement, plans the response with Eleanor, and stays discreetly at Eleanor’s hotel.
  • Earl
    Eleanor’s security aide who confronts police and stands by during the standoff.
  • Young local police officer
    Initiates the confrontation, ordering Eleanor to move to the white section under segregation law.
  • Hugo Black
    Supreme Court justice whose speech is overshadowed by the seating dispute.
  • Bibb Graves
    Alabama governor who delivers a supportive New Deal speech before the incident.
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